Chapter
16: The Shaheed (Martyr)
* Verses of the Qur’an
* Ahadith
* Who else receives the Thawaab of a Shaheed
* Laws of Jurisprudence
Allah Almighty says
وَلَا
تَقُوۡلُوۡا لِمَنْ یُّقْتَلُ فِیۡ سَبِیۡلِ اللہِ اَمْوَاتٌ ؕ بَلْ اَحْیَاللہءٌ
وَّلٰکِنۡ لَّا تَشْعُرُوۡنَ ﴿۱۵۴﴾
And Say not those who have been slain in the way of
Allah to be dead, but they are alive, and you cannot understand (their lives)
And Allah says
وَلَا
تَحْسَبَنَّ الَّذِیۡنَ قُتِلُوۡا فِیۡ سَبِیۡلِ اللہِ اَمْوَاتًا ؕ بَلْ
اَحْیَاللہءٌ عِنۡدَ رَبِّہِمْ یُرْزَقُوۡنَ ﴿۱۶۹﴾ۙفَرِحِیۡنَ بِمَاللہ اٰتٰىہُمُ
اللہُ مِنۡ فَضْلِہٖ ۙ وَیَسْتَبْشِرُوۡنَ بِالَّذِیۡنَ لَمْ یَلْحَقُوۡا بِہِمۡ
مِّنْ خَلْفِہِمْ ۙ اَ لَّا خَوْفٌ عَلَیۡہِمْ وَلَا ہُمْ یَحْزَنُوۡنَ
﴿۱۷۰﴾ۘیَسْتَبْشِرُوۡنَ بِنِعْمَۃٍ مِّنَ اللہِ وَفَضْلٍ ۙ وَّاَنَّ اللہَ لَا
یُضِیۡعُ اَجْرَ الْمُؤْمِنِیۡنَ ﴿۱۷۱﴾ۚ
Do not even think those who have been slain in the way
of Allah to be dead, but they are alive by their Rub; they are given
sustenance. Whatever Allah has bestowed upon them by His Grace, they are
pleased with it, and for those who have not met them as yet, they wish glad
tidings for them, and they have neither fear nor any grief. They wish for
glad-tidings of Allah’s Divine Bounty and Grace, and that Allah does not allow
the reward of the Muslims go be wasted. [Surah
Aale Imran, Verses 169-171]
There are numerous excellences of the Shaheed which have been
mentioned in the Ahadith. Shahaadat (martyrdom) does not merely refer to being
slain in Jihad, but in one Hadith the following has been mentioned:
Hadith 1: With the
exception of this (i.e. being martyred in the way of Allah), there are 7
Shahaadats:
1. One who dies due to plague is a Shaheed (martyr).
2. One who dies from drowning is a Shaheed.
3. One who dies in ‘Zaat ul Janb’ (i.e. Pleurisy) is a Shaheed.
4. One who dies from an illness of the stomach is a
Shaheed.
5. One who dies from burning is a Shaheed.
6. One who dies when a wall etc. falls on him is a Shaheed.
7. A female who dies at childbirth or a woman who dies a
maiden (i.e. unmarried and pure) is a Shaheed. This Hadith has been reported by
Imam Malik, Abu Dawud and Nasa’I from Jabir bin Ateek رضی
اﷲ تعالیٰ عنہ
Hadith 2: Imam Ahmed
reports from Jabir رضی اﷲ تعالیٰ عنہ that
Rasoolullah صلی
اللہ تعالی علیہ وسلم said, ‘One who flees the plague is like one who flees from Jihad,
and one who remains patient, attains the reward of a Shaheed (martyr)’.
Hadith 3: Ahmed and Nasa’i report from Irbaaz bin Saariya رضی اﷲ تعالیٰ عنہ that Rasoolullah صلی اللہ تعالی علیہ وسلم
said, ‘A case will be presented in the Court of Almighty Allah,
with regards to those who die from plague. The Shuhada (martyrs) will say, they
are our brothers and they were slain just as we were, and those who passed away
on their beds will say, they are our brothers as they passed away on their beds
(i.e. naturally). Almighty Allah will say, observe their wounds; if their wounds
are like those who were slain, then they are from amongst them, and they are
with them. When it will be observed, it will be seen that their wounds are like
those of the Martyrs, and they shall be included amongst the Shuhada’.
Hadith 4: Ibn Majah
reports from Ibn Ab’bas
رضی اﷲ تعالیٰ عنہ that he
صلی اللہ تعالی علیہ وسلم said, ‘Death on a journey is Shahaadat’. With the exception of these, there
are also many other situations where one receives the reward of Shahaadat. Imam
Jalaalud’deen
Suyuti رضی اﷲ تعالیٰ عنہ and other A’ima etc. have mentioned them, and some
of these are as follows:
1. One who died due to pulmonary tuberculosis.
2. One who fell off his conveyance (horse etc.) and died.
3. One who died whilst in fever.
4. One who died trying to save his wealth.
5. One who died trying to save his life.
6. One who died trying to save his family.
7. One who died trying to protect the Right of someone.
8. One who fell in love and died in his effort to suppress
his love and protect his chastity.
9. One who died after being torn apart and eaten by a wild
animal.
10. One who died after being unjustly imprisoned by the
King (ruler).
11. One who was beaten and then died.
12. One who died after being bitten by a harmful animal.
13. One who died in the quest for Knowledge of Deen.
14. A Mu’azzin who gives Azan purely for attaining Thawaab.
15. An honest trader.
16. One who was inflicted with nausea and vomiting whilst
travelling by sea.
17. One who died while trading according to Shariah and
whilst striving to earn for the sake of his children and family, so that he may
instil in them what Allah commands and so he may feed them Halaal.
18. One who reads this 25 times daily اَللّٰھُمَّ بِارِکْ لِیْ فِی الْمَوْتِ وَفِیْمَا بَعْدَ الْمَوْتِ
19. One who performs Chasht Namaaz and keeps 3 fast every
month, and never leaves out his Witr when a resident or when on journey.
20. One who acts upon the Sunnah when there is corruption
in the Ummah will receive the reward of 100 Shaheeds.
21. One who recites 40 (forty) times during his illness
this litany لَا اِلٰہَ اِلَّا اَنْتَ سُبْحَانَکَ اِنِّیْ
کُـنْتُ مِنَ الظَّالِمِیْنَ and then dies in
the same illness, and if he recovers, he will be forgiven.
22. One who ties his horse on the boundary to fight against
the unbelievers.
23. One who recites Surah Yaseen every night.
24. One who slept with Tahaarat and then passed away.
25. One who recites 100 Durood Shareef upon Nabi
صلی اللہ تعالی علیہ وسلم
26. One who asks with a true heart, that he should be
martyred in the way of Allah.
27. One who dies on a Friday.
28. One who reads in the morning thrice اَعُوْذُ بِاللہِ السَّمِیْعِ الْعَلِیْمِ مِنَ الشَّیْطٰنِ
الرَّجِیْمِ and then reads the last 3 verses of Surah
Hashr[1],
Allah Ta’aala
will appoint seventy thousand (70 000) to him, who will make Istighfar for him
until the evening, and if he dies in that day, he did as a Shaheed; and if he
recites this in the morning, then he attains the same till morning.
Laws of Jurisprudence
Law: In the Terminology of Fiqh
(Jurisprudence), a Shaheed refers to that Muslim, sane, Baaligh, pure who was
slain by some weapon of aggression, and his slaying does cause blood money to
become due (compulsory initially), and he did not benefit in any way from some materialistic
thing (after injury). The ruling with regards to a Shaheed is that he should
not be given Ghusl (the usual ritual bath given to a deceased), but he should be
buried with the blood on him. [Durr-e-Mukhtar vol.1 pg. 848/849] Thus, wherever
this rule is found, the Fuqaha (jurists) will regard such a person a Shaheed, otherwise
not. However, by not being classified as a ‘Shaheed Faqhi’ does not necessarily mean that he will not attain the
reward of a Shaheed. It only means that such a person will be given the Ghusl and
that is it.
Law: A na-Baaligh and Majnun (insane
person) will be given Ghusl no matter in whichever way they have been killed. A
female who is in an impure state or one who is in Nifaas even if she is still
in Haidh or Nifaas; or even if it has ended but she has not had her Ghusl; then
in all these cases Ghusl will be given. [Raddul Muhtar vol.1 pg.848]
Law: If a full 3 days have not passed since
(a female) started menstruating and she was then slain, then in this case,
Ghusl will not be given as it cannot be said that she is Haa’idh, (i.e. menstruating). [Durr-e-Mukhtar
vol.1 pg.848]
Law: He will be regarded as Junub (one in
need of the compulsory bath for purification) if he mentioned this before he
was slain, or if his wife mentions that he was. [Jauhira]
Law: A weapon of aggression is a weapon
that if a person is slain by it, it causes Qisaas to become Waajib; In other
words a weapon which can severe the limb; such as a sword. A gun is also known
as a weapon of aggression. [Raddul Muhtar vol.1 pg.849]
Law: When Qisaas (Equality in punishment)
is not Waajib on the killer based on the nature of the slaying, but instead
blood money becomes due, then he must be given Ghusl. For example, if he was killed
with a stick, or he was killed by error such as if he was aiming at a target
and it missed and someone else is struck and killed by it, or if someone slept
with an unsheathed sword and whilst asleep if that sword fell on someone
killing him; or if a person is found slain in a town or village or in its
vicinity and his executioner is not known, then in all these cases Ghusl will
be given. If the one who has been slain is found in a city etc. and it is known
that he was killed by thieves, no matter if he was killed with some weapon or
some other thing, he should not be given Ghusl, even though it is not known which
thieve killed him. Similarly, if he was found in a jungle and it is not known
who killed him, Ghusl will not be given. Similarly, if he was killed by bandits
he will not be given Ghusl; no matter if he was killed by a weapon or with
something else. [Raddul Muhtar vol.1 pg.849]
Law: If the nature of the slaying does not
cause the blood money to become due (compulsory), but the blood money became
due through some external reason, for example if there has been an agreement between
the killer and the Guardians of the slain, or if the father killed the son, or
if he killed such a person whose heir is his son, for example if he killed his
wife and the wife’s
heir is the son who is from the same husband, then it is this son who will be
the holder of the Qisaas, but because his father is the killer, the Qisaas has
become void, so in such cases Ghusl will not be given. [Raddul Muhtar vol.1 pg.849]
Law: If he was not killed in aggression,
but he was killed on the basis of Qisaas or on the basis of Ta’zir (Discretionary Punishment), or if he
was killed by a wild animal, (then in all these cases) he will be given Ghusl.
[Durr-e-Mukhtar vol.1 pg.849]
Law: If a person was wounded but thereafter
he gained benefit from some worldly thing, in other words he ate, drank or
slept or was treated, even if these were done minimally; or if he remained in a
tent (or camp), in other words where he was wounded; or if he passed through
one complete time period of Namaaz in a conscious state, on condition that he
was able to perform his Namaaz; or if he got up from there and went elsewhere;
or if he was carried by the people (troops) from the battlefield and moved
elsewhere no matter if he reached their alive or passed away on the way; or if
he advised regarding some worldly issue; or if he did some trading (business);
or if he bought something; or if he spoke for a long time; then in all these
cases Ghusl will be given to him on condition that all this happened after the
Jihad (Battle) had ended; and if these things happened during the battle, then
they are not factors which negate Shahaadat, meaning that Ghusl will not be given;
and if his Wasiyah (advise) was regarding the Aakhira (Hereafter) or if he said
one or two words and even if this was after the battle, he is regarded a Shaheed
and Ghusl will not be given to him; and if he was not killed in a battle but
was killed due to aggression (Zulm), then if any of the above mentioned
(negating) factors are found, he will be given Ghusl, otherwise there is no
Ghusl. [Durr-e-Mukhtar, Raddul Muhtar vol.1 pg.851/852]
Law: One who was killed using a weapon by a
Harbi or by a rebel (traitor) or by bandits; or if he was trampled on by the
hooves of their animals; or if they bit him with their teeth; or if they
startled his conveyance (horse etc.) causing him to fall off and die; or if
they threw fire at him; or if the wind carried fire from their side towards him;
or if they torched a stick and the one end of it was on that side, and if in
these situations he was burnt to death; or he was found dead on the battlefield
and the wounds are visible on him, for example blood has oozed from his eye or
ear, or clear blood came out of his throat; or if they threw him from the city
walls (fortifications); or if they brought down a wall on him; or if he drowned
in water, or if the water was blocked and they let it out allowing it to gush towards
him, causing him to drown in it; or if they strangled him; in brief no matter
whichever way they kill a Muslim, or if they become the means to him being
killed, he is regarded as a Shaheed. [Alamgiri vol.1 pg.167/168; Durr-e-Mukhtar
vol.1 pg.850/851]
Law: If he was found dead on the
battlefield, and there are no signs that he was slain, or if blood came out of
his nose or from his rear private part, or if congealed blood came out of his
throat, or if he died out of fear of the enemy, (then in all these cases) he
will be given Ghusl. [Durr-e-Mukhtar vol.1 pg.850/851]
Law: If he fought to protect his own life
or wealth or to protect another Muslim and he was killed in doing so, he is
regarded as a Shaheed, even if he was killed when attacked with some kind of metal
(object), a rock, a stick or any other thing. [Alamgiri vol.1 pg.168]
Law: If the Muslims were in two ships and
the unbelievers launched fire (fireballs) at one ship and those inside it burnt
and that fire spread to the other ship and those in it also burnt, then those
in the second ship are also Shaheed. [Alamgiri]
Law: If the horse of a mushrik (polytheist)
became loose without a rider on it, and it ran over a Muslim trampling him; or
if a Muslim fired an arrow towards an unbeliever and it struck a Muslim; or if the
horse of a Muslim was startled by the horse of an unbeliever and it jumped
causing the Muslim to fall off; or (Allah forbid) if the Muslims fled and the
unbelievers drew them towards a trench or towards fire; or if the Muslims laid
caltrop (kind of trap) around them and they then walked over it and died (due
to this), then in all these cases Ghusl will be given. [Alamgiri vol.1 pg. 168]
Law: If during a battle the horse of a
Muslim was startled or if it saw the flag of the unbelievers and took flight,
but the unbelievers did not startle it, but it dropped the rider who died; or
if the unbelievers were under siege in their fortress and the Muslims tried to
climb up the city walls and someone died when he slipped and fell of the wall; or
(Allah forbid) the Muslims were defeated and the horse of one Muslim trampled
another Muslim, no matter if he was riding it or of he was holding the reins
leading it away, or if he was urging it forward from behind; or if he attacked
the enemy and fell of the horse and died, then in all these cases Ghusl will be
given. [Alamgiri vol.1 pg.148]
Law: If both sides confronted one another
but the actual battle did not occur, but one person was found dead, then until
such time that it is not established that he was killed by a weapon of
aggression on grounds of aggression, he will be given Ghusl. [Alamgiri vol.1
pg.168]
Law: Those things on the body of a Shaheed
which are not from the category of Kafan (shroud) should be removed, for
example; fur or leather coat, armour helmet, weapons and woollen clothing. If
there is some shortage in the Masnun Kafan then it should be added. His lower
garment (trouser) should not be removed, and if there is shortage and there is
nothing to cover with, then the fur coat and woollen clothes should not be
removed. It is Makruh to remove all the clothing of a Shaheed and dress him in
new clothes. [Alamgiri vol.1 pg.168; Raddul Muhtar vol.1 pg.851]
Law: Just as fragrance is applied to other
deceased, it should also be applied to the Shaheed. The blood of the Shaheed
should not be washed away. He should be buried with the blood. If the clothing
is polluted by any impurity (Najaasat) it should be washed away. [Alamgiri
vol.1 pg.168]
Law: The Janaazah Namaaz of a Shaheed will
be performed. [General Books of Fiqh; Shaami vol.1 pg.851]
Law: If one attacked the enemy but he was
not hit, but rather it rebounded on him and he died, then Ind’Allah (by Allah) he is regarded a
Shaheed, but he should be given Ghusl and his Namaaz should be performed. [Jauhira]
[1]
1. These are the last 3 Ayats of Surah Hashr:
ہُوَ اللہُ الَّذِیۡ لَاۤ اِلٰہَ اِلَّا ہُوَۚ عٰلِمُ الْغَیۡبِ وَ
الشَّہٰدَۃِۚ ہُوَ الرَّحْمٰنُ الرَّحِیۡمُ ﴿۲۲﴾ ہُوَ اللہُ الَّذِیۡ لَاۤ اِلٰہَ
اِلَّا ہُوَۚ اَلْمَلِکُ الْقُدُّوۡسُ السَّلٰمُ الْمُؤْمِنُ الْمُہَیۡمِنُ
الْعَزِیۡزُ الْجَبَّارُ الْمُتَکَبِّرُؕ سُبْحٰنَ اللہِ عَمَّا یُشْرِکُوۡنَ ﴿۲۳﴾
ہُوَ اللہُ الْخٰلِقُ الْبَارِئُ الْمُصَوِّرُ لَہُ الْاَسْمَآءُ الْحُسْنٰیؕ
یُسَبِّحُ لَہٗ مَا فِی السَّمٰوٰتِ وَ الْاَرْضِۚ وَ ہُوَ الْعَزِیۡزُ
الْحَکِیۡمُ ﴿٪۲۴﴾
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